• Gene deletion; HGNC; 9588; PTEN; Zygosity=Homozygous (PubMed=22194965; PubMed=25645078).
  
• Mutation; HGNC; 1097; BRAF; Simple; p.Val600Glu (c.1799T>A); ClinVar=VCV000013961; Zygosity=Heterozygous (PubMed=22194965; PubMed=25645078).
  
• Mutation; HGNC; 7989; NRAS; Simple; p.Gln61Lys (c.181C>A); ClinVar=VCV000073058; Zygosity=Heterozygous (PubMed=21107323; PubMed=22194965; PubMed=25645078).
  

PubMed=21107323; DOI=10.1038/nature09626
Nazarian R., Shi H.-B., Wang Q., Kong X.-J., Koya R.C., Lee H., Chen Z.-G., Lee M.-K., Attar N., Sazegar H., Chodon T., Nelson S.F., McArthur G.A., Sosman J.A., Ribas A., Lo R.S.
Melanomas acquire resistance to B-RAF(V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation.
Nature 468:973-977(2010)

PubMed=22194965; DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0028973
Atefi M., von Euw E.M., Attar N., Ng C., Chu C., Guo D.-L., Nazarian R., Chmielowski B., Glaspy J.A., Comin-Anduix B., Mischel P.S., Lo R.S., Ribas A.
Reversing melanoma cross-resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors by co-targeting the AKT/mTOR pathway.
PLoS ONE 6:E28973-E28973(2011)

PubMed=25645078; DOI=10.1186/s12943-015-0293-5
Atefi M., Titz B., Avramis E., Ng C., Wong D.J.L., Lassen A., Cerniglia M., Escuin-Ordinas H., Foulad D., Comin-Anduix B., Graeber T.G., Ribas A.
Combination of pan-RAF and MEK inhibitors in NRAS mutant melanoma.
Mol. Cancer 14:27.1-27.12(2015)