ID   U-118MG
AC   CVCL_0633
SY   U-118 MG; U-118-MG; U118-MG; U118MG; U118; 118 MG; 118MG
DR   BTO; BTO_0004605
DR   CLO; CLO_0009451
DR   ArrayExpress; E-MTAB-783
DR   ArrayExpress; E-MTAB-2770
DR   ArrayExpress; E-MTAB-3610
DR   ATCC; CRL-7712
DR   ATCC; HTB-15
DR   BioGRID_ORCS_Cell_line; 445
DR   BioSample; SAMN03151974
DR   BioSample; SAMN03472723
DR   BioSample; SAMN10988042
DR   cancercelllines; CVCL_0633
DR   CCRID; 3101HUMTCHu216
DR   Cell_Model_Passport; SIDM01193
DR   ChEMBL-Cells; CHEMBL3308793
DR   ChEMBL-Targets; CHEMBL1075602
DR   CLS; 300362
DR   Cosmic; 687588
DR   Cosmic; 849852
DR   Cosmic; 849878
DR   Cosmic; 920817
DR   Cosmic; 1175822
DR   Cosmic; 1217672
DR   Cosmic; 1571919
DR   Cosmic; 1610738
DR   Cosmic; 2301554
DR   Cosmic; 2367553
DR   Cosmic; 2550362
DR   Cosmic; 2668299
DR   Cosmic; 2701084
DR   Cosmic-CLP; 687588
DR   DepMap; ACH-000040
DR   EGA; EGAS00001000978
DR   GDSC; 687588
DR   GEO; GSM101671
DR   GEO; GSM101672
DR   GEO; GSM888812
DR   GEO; GSM1374968
DR   GEO; GSM1374969
DR   GEO; GSM1670554
DR   IARC_TP53; 4195
DR   KCB; KCB 2013002YJ
DR   LiGeA; CCLE_075
DR   LINCS_LDP; LCL-1358
DR   PharmacoDB; U118MG_1616_2019
DR   PRIDE; PXD030304
DR   Progenetix; CVCL_0633
DR   PubChem_Cell_line; CVCL_0633
DR   Wikidata; Q54973503
RX   DOI=10.1007/0-306-46861-1_11;
RX   DOI=10.1007/978-1-4757-1647-4_7;
RX   DOI=10.1016/B978-0-12-333530-2.50005-8;
RX   PubMed=327080;
RX   PubMed=450131;
RX   PubMed=833871;
RX   PubMed=2253244;
RX   PubMed=2454731;
RX   PubMed=3518877;
RX   PubMed=3675803;
RX   PubMed=4134536;
RX   PubMed=4312117;
RX   PubMed=4313504;
RX   PubMed=4337530;
RX   PubMed=4369403;
RX   PubMed=6220172;
RX   PubMed=6260907;
RX   PubMed=7017212;
RX   PubMed=7459858;
RX   PubMed=9220028;
RX   PubMed=10402232;
RX   PubMed=10416987;
RX   PubMed=10560660;
RX   PubMed=11414198;
RX   PubMed=16697959;
RX   PubMed=19365568;
RX   PubMed=19435942;
RX   PubMed=20143388;
RX   PubMed=20164919;
RX   PubMed=22460905;
RX   PubMed=22570425;
RX   PubMed=27397505;
RX   PubMed=27582061;
RX   PubMed=30894373;
RX   PubMed=31068700;
RX   PubMed=31978347;
RX   PubMed=35839778;
WW   Info; -; -; https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/fluorescence/gallery/cells/u118/u118cells.html
WW   Info; ATCC; -; https://www.atcc.org/en/support/technical-support/faqs/u-118-mg-atcc-htb-15-u-138-mg-atcc-htb-16
WW   Info; Evident; -; https://evidentscientific.com/en/microscope-resource/image-gallery/confocal/cellsincultureindex
WW   Info; Evident; -; https://evidentscientific.com/en/microscope-resource/knowledge-hub/techniques/fluorescence/gallery/cells
WW   Info; ICLAC; -; https://iclac.org/wp-content/uploads/Cross-Contaminations_v13_distribution.xlsx
WW   Info; StRAP; -; https://strap.nci.nih.gov/celline_detail.php?sample_id=75
WW   Provider; Altogen; Xenograft model; https://altogenlabs.com/xenograft-models/brain-cancer-xenograft/u118-brain-cancer-xenograft-model-altogen-labs/
CC   Problematic cell line: Contaminated. Shown to be a U-138MG derivative (PubMed=20143388).
CC   Part of: Cancer Dependency Map project (DepMap) (includes Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia - CCLE).
CC   Part of: COSMIC cell lines project.
CC   Part of: Naval Biosciences Laboratory (NBL) collection (transferred to ATCC in 1982).
CC   Registration: International Cell Line Authentication Committee, Register of Misidentified Cell Lines; ICLAC-00350.
CC   Population: Caucasian.
CC   Microsatellite instability: Stable (MSS) (Sanger).
CC   Sequence variation: Mutation; HGNC; HGNC:5382; IDH1; None_reported; -; Zygosity=- (PubMed=19435942).
CC   Sequence variation: Mutation; HGNC; HGNC:9588; PTEN; Simple; c.1026+1G>T (IVS8+1G>T); ClinVar=VCV000635377; Zygosity=Homozygous; Note=Splice donor mutation (PubMed=10560660; Cosmic-CLP=687588).
CC   Sequence variation: Mutation; HGNC; HGNC:11998; TP53; Simple; p.Arg213Gln (c.638G>A); ClinVar=VCV000135359; Zygosity=Homozygous (PubMed=10416987; Cosmic-CLP=687588).
CC   Omics: Genomics; DNA methylation analysis.
CC   Omics: Genomics; Whole exome sequencing.
CC   Omics: Phenotyping; Drug screening.
CC   Omics: Proteomics; Quantitative.
CC   Omics: Transcriptomics; Microarray.
CC   Omics: Transcriptomics; RNAseq.
CC   Omics: Variations; CNV analysis.
CC   Omics: Variations; SNP array analysis.
CC   Genome ancestry: African=1.71%; Native American=0%; East Asian, North=1.75%; East Asian, South=0%; South Asian=0%; European, North=96.54%; European, South=0% (PubMed=30894373).
CC   Discontinued: ATCC; CRL-7712; true.
CC   Derived from site: In situ; Brain; UBERON=UBERON_0000955.
ST   Source(s): ATCC=HTB-15; CLS=300362; Cosmic-CLP=687588; PubMed=22570425; PubMed=27582061; Technion Genomics Center
ST   Amelogenin: X,Y
ST   CSF1PO: 11,12
ST   D10S1248: 13
ST   D12S391: 19,22
ST   D13S317: 9 (ATCC=HTB-15; Cosmic-CLP=687588; Technion Genomics Center)
ST   D13S317: 9,11 (CLS=300362; PubMed=22570425; PubMed=27582061)
ST   D16S539: 12,13
ST   D18S51: 13
ST   D19S433: 13
ST   D1S1656: 11
ST   D21S11: 27,32.2
ST   D22S1045: 17
ST   D2S1338: 23,25
ST   D2S441: 11,15
ST   D3S1358: 15
ST   D5S818: 11
ST   D7S820: 9
ST   D8S1179: 14,15
ST   FGA: 18,23 (PubMed=27582061)
ST   FGA: 23 (ATCC=HTB-15; CLS=300362; PubMed=22570425; Technion Genomics Center)
ST   Penta D: 10,13 (ATCC=HTB-15; PubMed=22570425; PubMed=27582061; Technion Genomics Center)
ST   Penta D: 13 (CLS=300362)
ST   Penta E: 7 (ATCC=HTB-15; CLS=300362; PubMed=22570425; Technion Genomics Center)
ST   Penta E: 7,13 (PubMed=27582061)
ST   TH01: 6
ST   TPOX: 8
ST   vWA: 18
DI   NCIt; C60781; Astrocytoma
DI   ORDO; Orphanet_94; Astrocytoma
OX   NCBI_TaxID=9606; ! Homo sapiens (Human)
HI   CVCL_0020 ! U-138MG
SX   Male
AG   47Y
CA   Cancer cell line
DT   Created: 04-04-12; Last updated: 10-04-25; Version: 48
CH   CVCL_D317 ! 1181N1
CH   CVCL_T447 ! EH-118MG
CH   CVCL_D6CY ! HyCyte U-118MG KO-hBSG
CH   CVCL_F1UL ! HyCyte U-118MG KO-hNTN4
//
RX   PubMed=2253244;
RA   Bigner, Sandra H.
RA   Humphrey, Peter A.
RA   Wong, Albert J.
RA   Vogelstein, Bert
RA   Mark, Joachim
RA   Friedman, Henry Seth
RA   Bigner, Darell Doty
RT   "Characterization of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human
RT   glioma cell lines and xenografts.";
RL   Cancer Res. 50:8017-8022(1990).
//
RX   PubMed=450131; DOI=10.1038/279797a0;
RA   Day, Rufus S. 3rd
RA   Ziolkowski, Chuck H.J.
RT   "Human brain tumour cell strains with deficient host-cell reactivation
RT   of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-damaged adenovirus 5.";
RL   Nature 279:797-799(1979).
//
RX   PubMed=6220172;
RA   Dracopoli, Nicholas C.
RA   Fogh, Jorgen
RT   "Polymorphic enzyme analysis of cultured human tumor cell lines.";
RL   J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 70:469-476(1983).
//
RX   PubMed=10416987; DOI=10.1111/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00536.x; PMCID=PMC8098486;
RA   Ishii, Nobuaki
RA   Maier, Daniel
RA   Merlo, Adrian
RA   Tada, Mitsuhiro
RA   Sawamura, Yutaka
RA   Diserens, Annie-Claire
RA   Van Meir, Erwin G.
RT   "Frequent co-alterations of TP53, p16/CDKN2A, p14ARF, PTEN tumor
RT   suppressor genes in human glioma cell lines.";
RL   Brain Pathol. 9:469-479(1999).
//
RX   PubMed=31068700; DOI=10.1038/s41586-019-1186-3; PMCID=PMC6697103;
RA   Ghandi, Mahmoud
RA   Huang, Franklin W.
RA   Jane-Valbuena, Judit
RA   Kryukov, Gregory V.
RA   Lo, Christopher C.
RA   McDonald, E. Robert 3rd
RA   Barretina, Jordi Ginesta
RA   Gelfand, Ellen T.
RA   Bielski, Craig M.
RA   Li, Hao-Xin
RA   Hu, Kevin
RA   Andreev-Drakhlin, Alexander Y.
RA   Kim, Jaegil
RA   Hess, Julian M.
RA   Haas, Brian J.
RA   Aguet, Francois
RA   Weir, Barbara A.
RA   Rothberg, Michael V.
RA   Paolella, Brenton R.
RA   Lawrence, Michael Scott
RA   Akbani, Rehan
RA   Lu, Yi-Ling
RA   Tiv, Hong L.
RA   Gokhale, Prafulla C.
RA   de Weck, Antoine
RA   Mansour, Ali Amin
RA   Oh, Coyin
RA   Shih, Juliann
RA   Hadi, Kevin
RA   Rosen, Yanay
RA   Bistline, Jonathan
RA   Venkatesan, Kavitha
RA   Reddy, Anupama
RA   Sonkin, Dmitriy
RA   Liu, Manway
RA   Lehar, Joseph
RA   Korn, Joshua M.
RA   Porter, Dale A.
RA   Jones, Michael D.
RA   Golji, Javad
RA   Caponigro, Giordano
RA   Taylor, Jordan E.
RA   Dunning, Caitlin M.
RA   Creech, Amanda L.
RA   Warren, Allison C.
RA   McFarland, James M.
RA   Zamanighomi, Mahdi
RA   Kauffmann, Audrey
RA   Stransky, Nicolas
RA   Imielinski, Marcin
RA   Maruvka, Yosef E.
RA   Cherniack, Andrew D.
RA   Tsherniak, Aviad
RA   Vazquez, Francisca
RA   Jaffe, Jacob D.
RA   Lane, Andrew Alan
RA   Weinstock, David M.
RA   Johannessen, Cory M.
RA   Morrissey, Michael P.
RA   Stegmeier, Frank
RA   Schlegel, Robert
RA   Hahn, William Chun
RA   Getz, Gad
RA   Mills, Gordon B.
RA   Boehm, Jesse S.
RA   Golub, Todd Robert
RA   Garraway, Levi Alexander
RA   Sellers, William Raj
RT   "Next-generation characterization of the Cancer Cell Line
RT   Encyclopedia.";
RL   Nature 569:503-508(2019).
//
RX   PubMed=35839778; DOI=10.1016/j.ccell.2022.06.010; PMCID=PMC9387775;
RA   Goncalves, Emanuel
RA   Poulos, Rebecca C.
RA   Cai, Zhao-Xiang
RA   Barthorpe, Syd
RA   Manda, Srikanth S.
RA   Lucas, Natasha
RA   Beck, Alexandra
RA   Bucio-Noble, Daniel
RA   Dausmann, Michael
RA   Hall, Caitlin
RA   Hecker, Michael
RA   Koh, Jennifer
RA   Lightfoot, Howard
RA   Mahboob, Sadia
RA   Mali, Iman
RA   Morris, James
RA   Richardson, Laura
RA   Seneviratne, Akila J.
RA   Shepherd, Rebecca
RA   Sykes, Erin
RA   Thomas, Frances
RA   Valentini, Sara
RA   Williams, Steven G.
RA   Wu, Yang-Xiu
RA   Xavier, Dylan
RA   MacKenzie, Karen L.
RA   Hains, Peter G.
RA   Tully, Brett
RA   Robinson, Phillip James
RA   Zhong, Qing
RA   Garnett, Mathew J.
RA   Reddel, Roger Robert
RT   "Pan-cancer proteomic map of 949 human cell lines.";
RL   Cancer Cell 40:835-849.e8(2022).
//
RX   PubMed=4312117; DOI=10.1242/jcs.5.3.583;
RA   Macintyre, Elisabeth H.
RA   Grimes, R.A.
RA   Vatter, Albert E.
RT   "Cytology and growth characteristics of human tumour astrocytes
RT   transformed by Rous sarcoma virus.";
RL   J. Cell Sci. 5:583-602(1969).
//
RX   PubMed=7017212; DOI=10.1093/jnci/66.6.1003;
RA   Pollack, Marilyn S.
RA   Heagney, Socorro D.
RA   Livingston, Philip O.
RA   Fogh, Jorgen
RT   "HLA-A, B, C and DR alloantigen expression on forty-six cultured human
RT   tumor cell lines.";
RL   J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66:1003-1012(1981).
//
RX   PubMed=19435942; DOI=10.1215/15228517-2009-025; PMCID=PMC2743214;
RA   Ichimura, Koichi
RA   Pearson, Danita M.
RA   Kocialkowski, Sylvia
RA   Backlund, L. Magnus
RA   Chan, Raymond
RA   Jones, David T.W.
RA   Collins, Vincent Peter
RT   "IDH1 mutations are present in the majority of common adult gliomas
RT   but rare in primary glioblastomas.";
RL   Neuro-oncol. 11:341-347(2009).
//
RX   PubMed=9220028; DOI=10.1016/S0303-7207(97)00080-4;
RA   Sharif, Taraneh R.
RA   Luo, Wei
RA   Sharif, Mohammed
RT   "Functional expression of bombesin receptor in most adult and
RT   pediatric human glioblastoma cell lines; role in mitogenesis and in
RT   stimulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.";
RL   Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 130:119-130(1997).
//
RX   DOI=10.1007/0-306-46861-1_11;
RA   Ali-Osman, Francis
RT   "Brain tumors.";
RL   (In book chapter) Human cell culture. Vol. 2. Cancer cell lines part 2; Masters, John R.W. & Palsson, Bernhard Orn (eds.); pp.167-184; Kluwer Academic Publishers; New York; USA (1999).
//
RX   PubMed=11414198; DOI=10.1007/s004320000207;
RA   Lahm, Harald
RA   Andre, Sabine
RA   Hoeflich, Andreas
RA   Fischer, Jurgen R.
RA   Sordat, Bernard
RA   Kaltner, Herbert
RA   Wolf, Eckhard
RA   Gabius, Hans-Joachim
RT   "Comprehensive galectin fingerprinting in a panel of 61 human tumor
RT   cell lines by RT-PCR and its implications for diagnostic and
RT   therapeutic procedures.";
RL   J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 127:375-386(2001).
//
RX   PubMed=4313504; DOI=10.1111/j.1699-0463.1968.tb03502.x;
RA   Ponten, Jan
RA   Macintyre, Elisabeth H.
RT   "Long term culture of normal and neoplastic human glia.";
RL   Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 74:465-486(1968).
//
RX   PubMed=31978347; DOI=10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.023; PMCID=PMC7339254;
RA   Nusinow, David Paul
RA   Szpyt, John
RA   Ghandi, Mahmoud
RA   Rose, Christopher M.
RA   McDonald, E. Robert 3rd
RA   Kalocsay, Marian
RA   Jane-Valbuena, Judit
RA   Gelfand, Ellen T.
RA   Schweppe, Devin Karl
RA   Jedrychowski, Mark P.
RA   Golji, Javad
RA   Porter, Dale A.
RA   Rejtar, Tomas
RA   Wang, Y. Karen
RA   Kryukov, Gregory V.
RA   Stegmeier, Frank
RA   Erickson, Brian K.
RA   Garraway, Levi Alexander
RA   Sellers, William Raj
RA   Gygi, Steven P.
RT   "Quantitative proteomics of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia.";
RL   Cell 180:387-402.e16(2020).
//
RX   PubMed=27582061; DOI=10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6853;
RA   Allen, Marie
RA   Bjerke, Mia
RA   Edlund, Hanna
RA   Nelander, Sven
RA   Westermark, Bengt
RT   "Origin of the U87MG glioma cell line: good news and bad news.";
RL   Sci. Transl. Med. 8:354re3.1-354re3.4(2016).
//
RX   PubMed=4369403; DOI=10.1002/1097-0142(197408)34:2<274::AID-CNCR2820340209>3.0.CO;2-4;
RA   Wahlstrom, Torsten
RA   Linder, Ewert
RA   Saksela, Eero
RA   Westermark, Bengt
RT   "Tumor-specific membrane antigens in established cell lines from
RT   gliomas.";
RL   Cancer 34:274-279(1974).
//
RX   PubMed=2454731;
RA   Nister, Monica
RA   Libermann, Towia Aron
RA   Betsholtz, Christer
RA   Pettersson, Monica
RA   Claesson-Welsh, Lena
RA   Heldin, Carl-Henrik
RA   Schlessinger, Joseph
RA   Westermark, Bengt
RT   "Expression of messenger RNAs for platelet-derived growth factor and
RT   transforming growth factor-alpha and their receptors in human
RT   malignant glioma cell lines.";
RL   Cancer Res. 48:3910-3918(1988).
//
RX   PubMed=16697959; DOI=10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.030;
RA   Lee, Jeongwu
RA   Kotliarova, Svetlana
RA   Kotliarov, Yuri
RA   Li, Ai-Guo
RA   Su, Qin
RA   Donin, Nicholas Murray
RA   Pastorino, Sandra
RA   Purow, Benjamin W.
RA   Christopher, Neil
RA   Zhang, Wei
RA   Park, John K.
RA   Fine, Howard Alan
RT   "Tumor stem cells derived from glioblastomas cultured in bFGF and EGF
RT   more closely mirror the phenotype and genotype of primary tumors than
RT   do serum-cultured cell lines.";
RL   Cancer Cell 9:391-403(2006).
//
RX   PubMed=833871; DOI=10.1093/jnci/58.2.209;
RA   Fogh, Jorgen
RA   Wright, William C.
RA   Loveless, James D.
RT   "Absence of HeLa cell contamination in 169 cell lines derived from
RT   human tumors.";
RL   J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58:209-214(1977).
//
RX   DOI=10.1007/978-1-4757-1647-4_7;
RA   Ponten, Jan
RT   "Neoplastic human glia cells in culture.";
RL   (In book chapter) Human tumor cells in vitro; Fogh, Jorgen (eds.); pp.175-206; Springer; New York; USA (1975).
//
RX   PubMed=19365568; DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0005209; PMCID=PMC2666263;
RA   Bax, Dorine Arjanne
RA   Little, Suzanne E.
RA   Gaspar, Nathalie
RA   Perryman, Lara
RA   Marshall, Lynley
RA   Viana-Pereira, Marta
RA   Jones, Tania A.
RA   Williams, Richard D.
RA   Grigoriadis, Anita
RA   Vassal, Gilles
RA   Workman, Paul
RA   Sheer, Denise
RA   Reis, Rui Manuel
RA   Pearson, Andrew D.J.
RA   Hargrave, Darren
RA   Jones, Chris
RT   "Molecular and phenotypic characterisation of paediatric glioma cell
RT   lines as models for preclinical drug development.";
RL   PLoS ONE 4:e5209.1-e5209.9(2009).
//
RX   PubMed=7459858;
RA   Rousset, Monique
RA   Zweibaum, Alain
RA   Fogh, Jorgen
RT   "Presence of glycogen and growth-related variations in 58 cultured
RT   human tumor cell lines of various tissue origins.";
RL   Cancer Res. 41:1165-1170(1981).
//
RX   DOI=10.1016/B978-0-12-333530-2.50005-8;
RA   Nister, Monica
RA   Westermark, Bengt
RT   "Human glioma cell lines.";
RL   (In book chapter) Atlas of human tumor cell lines; Hay, Robert J. & Park, Jae-Gahb & Gazdar, Adi F. (eds.); pp.17-42; Academic Press; New York; USA (1994).
//
RX   PubMed=6260907; DOI=10.1097/00005072-198105000-00001;
RA   Bigner, Darell Doty
RA   Bigner, Sandra H.
RA   Ponten, Jan
RA   Westermark, Bengt
RA   Mahaley, Moses Stephen Jr.
RA   Ruoslahti, Erkki
RA   Herschman, Harvey R.
RA   Eng, Lawrence F.
RA   Wikstrand, Carol J.
RT   "Heterogeneity of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of fifteen
RT   permanent cell lines derived from human gliomas.";
RL   J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 40:201-229(1981).
//
RX   PubMed=4134536; DOI=10.1002/ijc.2910120215;
RA   Westermark, Bengt
RT   "The deficient density-dependent growth control of human malignant
RT   glioma cells and virus-transformed glia-like cells in culture.";
RL   Int. J. Cancer 12:438-451(1973).
//
RX   PubMed=10402232; DOI=10.3892/ijo.15.2.237;
RA   Sharif, Taraneh R.
RA   Sharif, Mohammed
RT   "Overexpression of protein kinase C epsilon in astroglial brain tumor
RT   derived cell lines and primary tumor samples.";
RL   Int. J. Oncol. 15:237-243(1999).
//
RX   PubMed=20143388; DOI=10.1002/ijc.25242;
RA   Capes-Davis, Amanda
RA   Theodosopoulos, George
RA   Atkin, Isobel
RA   Drexler, Hans Gunther
RA   Kohara, Arihiro
RA   MacLeod, Roderick A.F.
RA   Masters, John R.W.
RA   Nakamura, Yukio
RA   Reid, Yvonne A.
RA   Reddel, Roger Robert
RA   Freshney, Robert Ian
RT   "Check your cultures! A list of cross-contaminated or misidentified
RT   cell lines.";
RL   Int. J. Cancer 127:1-8(2010).
//
RX   PubMed=20164919; DOI=10.1038/nature08768; PMCID=PMC3145113;
RA   Bignell, Graham Robert
RA   Greenman, Christopher D.
RA   Davies, Helen R.
RA   Butler, Adam P.
RA   Edkins, Sarah
RA   Andrews, Jenny M.
RA   Buck, Gemma
RA   Chen, Lina
RA   Beare, David
RA   Latimer, Calli
RA   Widaa, Sara
RA   Hinton, Jonathan
RA   Fahey, Ciara
RA   Fu, Bei-Yuan
RA   Swamy, Sajani
RA   Dalgliesh, Gillian L.
RA   Teh, Bin Tean
RA   Deloukas, Panos
RA   Yang, Feng-Tang
RA   Campbell, Peter J.
RA   Futreal, P. Andrew
RA   Stratton, Michael Rudolf
RT   "Signatures of mutation and selection in the cancer genome.";
RL   Nature 463:893-898(2010).
//
RX   PubMed=4337530; DOI=10.1111/j.1699-0463.1972.tb02176.x;
RA   Macintyre, Elisabeth H.
RA   Ponten, Jan
RA   Vatter, Albert E.
RT   "The ultrastructure of human and murine astrocytes and of human
RT   fibroblasts in culture.";
RL   Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. A. 80:267-283(1972).
//
RX   PubMed=3518877; DOI=10.3109/07357908609038260;
RA   Fogh, Jorgen
RT   "Human tumor lines for cancer research.";
RL   Cancer Invest. 4:157-184(1986).
//
RX   PubMed=10560660; DOI=10.1097/00005072-199911000-00007;
RA   Schmidt, Esther E.
RA   Ichimura, Koichi
RA   Goike, Helena M.
RA   Moshref, Ahmad
RA   Liu, Lu
RA   Collins, Vincent Peter
RT   "Mutational profile of the PTEN gene in primary human astrocytic
RT   tumors and cultivated xenografts.";
RL   J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 58:1170-1183(1999).
//
RX   PubMed=22460905; DOI=10.1038/nature11003; PMCID=PMC3320027;
RA   Barretina, Jordi Ginesta
RA   Caponigro, Giordano
RA   Stransky, Nicolas
RA   Venkatesan, Kavitha
RA   Margolin, Adam A.
RA   Kim, Sungjoon
RA   Wilson, Christopher J.
RA   Lehar, Joseph
RA   Kryukov, Gregory V.
RA   Sonkin, Dmitriy
RA   Reddy, Anupama
RA   Liu, Manway
RA   Murray, Lauren
RA   Berger, Michael F.
RA   Monahan, John E.
RA   Morais, Paula
RA   Meltzer, Jodi
RA   Korejwa, Adam
RA   Jane-Valbuena, Judit
RA   Mapa, Felipa A.
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